The distinction between in-situ and invasive carcinoma is one of the most important concepts in cancer pathology. Although the terms sound similar, they describe fundamentally different disease states with very different implications for treatment, prognosis, and follow-up. This distinction is…
Liquid biopsies analyze cancer-related material circulating in the blood, most commonly circulating tumor DNA, sometimes circulating tumor cells, or other tumor-derived markers. As cancer grows, spreads, or becomes more biologically active, it may shed more of this material into the…
Immunohistochemistry, often abbreviated as IHC, is one of the most important yet confusing sections of a cancer pathology report. Patients commonly encounter lists of unfamiliar protein names followed by terms such as positive, negative, weak, strong, or percentages, without clear…
